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A-Z Glossary

Table of Contents

Exotropia

Courtney Dryer, OD
Written byCourtney Dryer, OD
Courtney Dryer, OD
Courtney Dryer, ODOptometristCharlotte, NC

Bio

Dr. Courtney Dryer earned her doctorate from Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee in 2011. She opened her own practice Autarchic Spec Shop in 2013 in Charlotte, NC. She has had the privilege of writing for numerous optometric publications and serving in various industry capacities. In 2015, Vision Monday named her a rising star and one of the most influential women in optometry. Her optometric passions include practice management, specialty contact lenses, and dry eye management.

  • Last updated January 18, 2023

What is Exotropia?

Exotropia is an eye misalignment (strabismus) where one eye is turned outward. The turn may be constant or intermittent.  The eye turned in may always be the same eye or the condition may be called alternating exotropia when alternate eyes deviate. Exotropia is the most common type of strabismus and accounts for up to 25% of all ocular misalignment in early childhood. Transient intermittent exotropia is sometimes seen in the first 4 – 6 weeks of life and can resolve spontaneously by 6 – 8 weeks of age. Commonly, it may develop intermittently between 1 – 4 years of age, when the child is ill, tired, or focusing on distant objects, but is not present when focusing on near objects. 

Key Takeaways

  • Exotropia is an outward turn of an eye.
  • Intermittent exotropia is the most common type of strabismus.
  • Treatment may include glasses, vision therapy and/or surgery.
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Understanding Exotropia

The etiology of exotropia is unknown, but those with exotropia have an impaired ability to maintain fusion and alignment. No specific refractive error is associated with exotropia. Patients with exotropia are at a higher risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disabilities, short attention span, social inhibitions, and dyslexia. There are several different types of exotropia.

Congenital Exotropia

Congenital exotropia is a constant, large angle exotropia that begins during the first 6 months of life and does not resolve on its own. ​​Amblyopia is more common in these patients compared to intermittent exotropia. 

Sensory Exotropia

Sensory exotropia develops  in older children or adults with one eye that does not see well.

Intermittent Exotropia

Intermittent exotropia is the most common type of exotropia and has a usual onset between infancy and 7 years of age. The intermittent deviation is more likely to be present when the child is fatigued, ill, or in a lowered mental state. 

Consecutive Exotropia

Consecutive exotropia occurs in a patient with a history of esotropia treated with glasses or surgery, and then converts to exotropia.

Risk Factors for Exotropia

Risk factors include neurologic disorders, prematurity, maternal substance and alcohol abuse during pregnancy, genetic abnormalities, uncorrected refractive errors and a family history of strabismus. Although there is no specific racial predilection for exotropia, Asians with strabismus are more often exotropic when compared to other racial groups.

Symptoms of Exotropia

The symptoms of exotropia may be mild or severe,  but include:

  • Reduction in binocular vision
  • Reduction in stereopsis
  • Diplopia (double vision)
  • Asthenopia (eye strain/fatigue)
  • Frequent headaches

Diagnosing Exotropia

All patients with exotropia need a comprehensive  eye exam. The doctor will measure visual acuity, assess binocular function and stereopsis, evaluate motility, perform strabismus measurements, measure fusional amplitudes, and complete a cycloplegic refraction.  A health assessment of the front and the back of the eye will be performed.

Exotropia Treatment

Treatment is primarily refractive correction, binocular visual training therapy and surgery, but their indications are not well-defined or measurable. The goal of surgery is to treat the maximum measured distance angle.

Bibliography

  1. Audren F. Les strabismes divergents intermittents [Intermittent exotropia]. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2019 Nov;42(9):1007-1019. French. doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2018.12.031. Epub 2019 Jul 10. PMID: 31301849.
  2. Exotropia. AAO Wiki. Retrieved October 26, 2022 from, https://eyewiki.org/Exotropia
  3. Exotropia. Kellog Eye Center. Retrieved October 26, 2022 from https://www.umkelloggeye.org/conditions-treatments/exotropia
  4. Kaur K, Gurnani B. Exotropia. [Updated 2022 Jun 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.

 

Related Terms

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Episclera

is a fibroelastic structure consisting of two layers joined together loosely. It is the white of the eye

Dermatochalasis

describes the presence of loose and redundant eyelid skin. It is most often caused by aging

Chemosis

is the swelling of the conjunctiva, which is the clear membrane over the eyelids and the surface of the eye

Pupillometer

is a device that measures the distance between the pupils. The device is used when you order new eyeglasses

Spatial Frequency

describes the rate that a stimulus changes across space. It is usually measured with black and white line gratings

Macula Lutea

also known as the macula, refers to the small area in the back of the eye that is responsible for central vision

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